Bill Nichols book: introduction to documentary (2001)
Modes:
Expository
Observational
Poetic
Participatory
Reflexive
Performative
The expository mode:
Use of a narrator to address the audience directly and to present an exposition, or explanation, interpreting what they are seeing on screen.
The observational mode:
The observational mode (as technology advanced by the 1960s and cameras became smaller and lighter, able to document life in a less intrusive manner, there is less control required over lighting etc.
Rules or conventions:
No music
Not interview
No speech
The participatory mode:
The participatory mode (the encounter between filmmaker and subject is recorded, as the filmmaker actively engages with the situation they are documenting